Title: Nursing Research: Reading, Using, and Creating Research
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Review Questions

Please read each question and select your answer from the choices provided. You must complete all of the questions in order to view your results. At the end of each exam, you have the option to e-mail your results to your instructor.


1:  Before determining if there is a causal relationship between an outcome and the intervention, all of the following conditions must be met, except:
A: There are no plausible alternative explanations.
B: The results must be generalizable.
C: Changes in the treatment must be related to changes in the outcome.
D: The treatment must occur prior to the outcome.

2:  When subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group, this enhances:
A: the internal validity of the study.
B: the experimenter effect
C: the external validity of the study
D: the Hawthorn effect

3:  A researcher concludes that the intervention in the study had an effect on the outcome, when in fact it did not. What is this an example of?
A: Measurement error
B: Type II error
C: Statistical bias
D: Type I error

4:  Which level of significance will ensure the least probability of conducting a Type I error in a study?
A: 0.1
B: 0.05
C: 0.01
D: 0.001

5:  Which statement about treatment effect size is true?
A: When effect sizes are small, there is a greater potential for effects from extraneous variables.
B: When effect sizes are large, larger samples sizes are needed.
C: When effect sizes are small, an effect will be detected even with a small sample size
D: When effect sizes are large, results have less validity.

6:  All of the following factors jeopardize internal validity of a study, except:
A: Subjects may react to the treatment itself, even if it does not exert a therapeutic effect.
B: Subjects can become more proficient at test taking when they are given the same test multiple times.
C: Subjects can be recruited on the basis of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.
D: Subjects can change because of normal aging during the course of a study.

7:  Which factor must be considered before considering the applicability of qualitative findings as evidence for practice?
A: The level of alpha.
B: The description of the sample and setting.
C: The control for extraneous variables.
D: The effect size of the treatment.

8:  Which method is used to control bias in qualitative research?
A: Negative case analysis
B: Blinding
C: Bracketing
D: Randomization

9:  A researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is in fact false. This is an example of:
A: Measurement error
B: Type II error
C: Statistical bias
D: Type I error

10:  What can happen as internal validity becomes more tightly controlled?
A: The research has less applicability to broad populations.
B: The research has applicability to more heterogeneous populations.
C: The research becomes less trustworthy.
D: The research becomes more generalizable.

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